Wednesday, March 2, 2011

THE PLASTIC NATURE OF THE INSECT TRACHEAL SYSTEM

The insect tracheal system is a network air filled tubes that provide the cells and tissues with oxygen, and like the human respiratory system, eliminates carbon dioxide as a product of cellular respiration. The network of tubes branches throughout the insect’s body and connects directly to the muscles and other energy extensive areas. For those who do not know much about insects, they do not breathe through their mouths. Air is inhaled and exhaled through openings in the cuticle called spiracles, which are located on the thorax and abdomen. Thoracic spiracles are involved in inhalation while abdominal spiracles are involved in exhalation.

During the life cycle of insects especially in those that are holometabolous (larva->pupa->adult) the tracheal system faces various challenges. It has to be plastic enough to adapt to different changes in the insect during growth, ranging from a simple posterior to anterior tube as a larva to a highly branched tubular system that is connected to muscles such as ones for flight. To understand these changes, the effects of oxygen deprivation are considered. In the 1950’s Sir Vincent Wigglesworth, a pioneer of insect physiology demonstrated that hypoxia in Rhodnius (kissing bug) mediated the plasticity of the tracheal system. By managing to surgically cut the trachea of certain segments of the kissing bug, he noticed that the tracheal branching from anterior and posterior sections migrated to areas of hypoxia. This experiment was followed by transplanting certain organs that required lots of oxygen to areas of hypoxia, which resulted in a similar response. Thus, these findings demonstrate how insects are capable of coping with environmental variation.

Posted by Nelson Milano (2)

27 comments:

  1. Nelson,

    It is interesting to know that insects use a series of tubes to transport oxygen throughout their bodies. I wonder; though, if this is attainable because of insects' small surface-area-to-body-size ratio, which is the same condition that allows cells to transport molecules through the lipid bi-layer.

    Should this (size) be the selective pressure permitting such a plastic system, would it be safe to assume that larger insects would require more "direct" means of attaining oxygen. In specific, I am thinking of the large insects of the amazon and the even larger insects of the Jurassic/Triassic periods. Are large insects also able to reliably resparate on the tube system, or, with more extreme selective pressures, have they developed an alternate method to combat the surface-area problem?

    Posted by:

    Alexander Simolaris

    ReplyDelete
  2. Great question! Larger insects cannot rely only on the branching tubes of the tracheal system, because of the small surface-area-to-body-size ratio. The tracheal system also contains expandable areas called air sacs, which increase the volume of tidal air and aid in ventilation of the tracheal system. Air sacs also lower the specific gravity of insects thus aiding flight (especially in large insects such as Coleoptera). If you were to dissect a June beetle (large beetles that hit your windows during summer nights), you will find numerous air sacs. You would assume that insects during Jurassic/Triassic periods would have had numerous air sacs.

    Posted by: Nelson Milano

    ReplyDelete
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    ReplyDelete
  20. Greatest thanks to Dr Oyagu for his herbal drugs that he prepared for me and when i start using it in just 2weeks i was completely cured and that ended my HERPES SIMPLEX 1&2 DISEASE i am so happy and grateful to Dr Oyagu . after reading about him on a testimony of Jason Cash on a blogger. i knew suddenly Dr Oyagu was the right Doctor to cure my HERPES SIMPLEX 1&2 DISEASE. i discuss with Dr Oyagu and he prepared a herbal medicine for me and when it got sent to me in south korean . i used the herbal medicine and 2weeks and i went to check up again. after 15years of suffering from HERPES SIMPLEX 1&2 at last i am smiling once again. Dr Oyagu also has remedy to others disease like COLD SORES,HIV/AIDS,DIABETES.CANCER,HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE AND MANY MORE. I oblige everyone to contact this powerful herbalist Dr Oyagu and be free from your suffering. contact his WhatsApp line: +2348101755322 or his Email:Oyaguherbalhome@gmail.com

    ReplyDelete
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    ReplyDelete
  22. I'm 61 years old, I contracted hpv in 2011' I has be taking lot treatment for it and embarrassed some months ago the wart stated coming out seriously, I used lot recommendation because there was lot warts around my anus and was so . but today I'm totally happy I got the virus eliminated by using natural treatment from Dr Onokun herbal center after his treatment I got cured. all the warts went away' seriously believed Dr Onokun he have the cure for human papillomavirus because he has eliminated hpv been in my body since 2011, Dr Onokun make it possible for me. Here is Dr Onokun email:  dronokunherbalcure@gmail.com 

    ReplyDelete

  23. Life is always beautiful when you have good health.i have be in pain For almost 2 years had Hpv and I was lonely and sad luckily I was directed to a very kind and Great Dr Oyagu who helped me cure my Hpv and today I am free from Hpv and very healthy thank you so much Dr Oyagu Email him: oyaguherbalhome@gmail.com or whatsapp him via +2348101755322

    ReplyDelete
  24. Hello it's Damien! Four years ago I found out I was diagnosed with  HPV. I was heartbroken,  However a couple months ago I was recommended to a Dr. who helped me to get rid of the virus with natural herbal treatment. Now I fully believed in natural treatment thanks to Dr Olori. His contact information:    droloriherbalcenter@gmail.com, whatsapp  +2348110492548.





    Hello it's Damien! Four years ago I found out I was diagnosed with  HPV. I was heartbroken,  However a couple months ago I was recommended to a Dr. who helped me to get rid of the virus with natural herbal treatment. Now I fully believed in natural treatment thanks to Dr Olori. His contact information:    droloriherbalcenter@gmail.com, whatsapp  +2348110492548.






    Hello it's Damien! Four years ago I found out I was diagnosed with  HPV. I was heartbroken,  However a couple months ago I was recommended to a Dr. who helped me to get rid of the virus with natural herbal treatment. Now I fully believed in natural treatment thanks to Dr Olori. His contact information:    droloriherbalcenter@gmail.com, whatsapp  +2348110492548.





    Hello it's Damien! Four years ago I found out I was diagnosed with  HPV. I was heartbroken,  However a couple months ago I was recommended to a Dr. who helped me to get rid of the virus with natural herbal treatment. Now I fully believed in natural treatment thanks to Dr Olori. His contact information:    droloriherbalcenter@gmail.com, whatsapp  +2348110492548.

    ReplyDelete
  25. i have been suffering from a deadly disease (Hsv) for the past 3 years now, I had spent a lIot of money going from one places to another, from churches to churches, hospitals have been my home every day residence. Constant checks up have been my hobby not until this faithful day, I was searching through the internet, I saw a testimony on how Dr Onokun helped someone in curing his (Hsv) herpes disease, quickly I copied his email which is Dronokunherbalcure@gmail.com just to give him a test I spoke to him, he asked me to do some certain things which I did, he told me that he is going to provide the herbal cure to me, which he did, then he asked me to go for medical checkup after some days after using the herbal cure, behold I was free from the deadly disease, he only asked me to post the testimony through the whole world, faithfully am doing it now, please brothers and sisters, he is great, I owe him in return. if you are having a similar problem just email him on : Dronokunherbalcure@gmail.com

    ReplyDelete
  26. i have been suffering from a deadly disease (Hsv) for the past 3 years now, I had spent a lIot of money going from one places to another, from churches to churches, hospitals have been my home every day residence. Constant checks up have been my hobby not until this faithful day, I was searching through the internet, I saw a testimony on how Dr Onokun helped someone in curing his (Hsv) herpes disease, quickly I copied his email which is Dronokunherbalcure@gmail.com just to give him a test I spoke to him, he asked me to do some certain things which I did, he told me that he is going to provide the herbal cure to me, which he did, then he asked me to go for medical checkup after some days after using the herbal cure, behold I was free from the deadly disease, he only asked me to post the testimony through the whole world, faithfully am doing it now, please brothers and sisters, he is great, I owe him in return. if you are having a similar problem just email him on : Dronokunherbalcure@gmail.com

    ReplyDelete
  27. i have been suffering from a deadly disease (Hsv) for the past 3 years now, I had spent a lIot of money going from one places to another, from churches to churches, hospitals have been my home every day residence. Constant checks up have been my hobby not until this faithful day, I was searching through the internet, I saw a testimony on how Dr Onokun helped someone in curing his (Hsv) herpes disease, quickly I copied his email which is Dronokunherbalcure@gmail.com just to give him a test I spoke to him, he asked me to do some certain things which I did, he told me that he is going to provide the herbal cure to me, which he did, then he asked me to go for medical checkup after some days after using the herbal cure, behold I was free from the deadly disease, he only asked me to post the testimony through the whole world, faithfully am doing it now, please brothers and sisters, he is great, I owe him in return. if you are having a similar problem just email him on : Dronokunherbalcure@gmail.com

    ReplyDelete